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IN , prep.नि prefixed to roots may give the sense of
‘in;’ as,
‘to enter in,’ निविश्;
‘to dwell in,’ निवस्. When
‘in’ is used for
‘within,’ or
‘in the midst,’ it may be expressed by अन्तर्, अन्तरा, अन्तरे, मध्ये. But the most frequent use of
‘in’ is expressed in Sanskrit by the locative case, without any preposition; as,
‘in the city,’ नगरे;
‘in the night,’ रात्रौ;
‘a tree planted in the earth,’ पृथिव्यां रोपितोवृक्षः;
‘confidence in you,’ त्वयि विश्वासः;
‘engaging in the acquisition of wealth,’ अर्थार्जने प्रवृत्तिःf.;
‘the sun in the east,’ प्राचि सूर्य्यः;
‘he sinks in the mud,’ पङ्के मज्जति;
‘he delights in the good of others,’ परहिते रमते;
‘in the front of the fight,’ रणमूर्द्धि. In cases where
‘in’ refers to any division of time, or the manner in which any thing is done, it is usually expressed in Sanskrit by the instr. case; as,
‘in three years,’ त्रिभिर् वर्षैः;
‘in twelve months,’ द्वादशभिर् मासैः;
‘in hundreds of years,’ वर्षशतैः;
‘in an instant,’ क्षणेन;
‘in process of time,’ कालपर्य्यायेण;
‘in how long time?’ कियता कालेन;
‘in a short time,’ अचिरेण;
‘in this manner,’ अनेन प्रकारेण;
‘in abundance,’ बाहुल्येन;
‘in the form of a man,’ नररूपेण;
‘in joke,’ परिहासेन;
‘written in Sanskrit,’ संस्कृतेन रचितं. Certain adverbial affixes and prefixes may often express
‘in;’ as,
‘in front,’ अग्रतस्;
‘in the first place,’ प्रथमतस्;
‘in another place,’ अन्यत्र;
‘in one place,’ एकत्र;
‘in many places,’ बहुत्र;
‘in the next world,’ अमुत्र;
‘in every way,’ सर्व्वथा;
‘in ano- ther way,’ अन्यथा;
‘in one way,’ एकधा;
‘in a hundred ways,’ शतधा;
‘in many ways,’ बहुधा;
‘in some way,’ कथञ्चित्, कथञ्चन;
‘in small quantities,’ अल्पशस्;
‘in large quantities,’ बहुशस्;
‘in proper order,’ क्रमशस्, क्रमतस्,अनुक्रमं;
‘in every direction,’ प्रतिदेशं;
‘in three direc- tions,’ त्रेधा;
‘in like manner,’ तथैव, तद्वत्;
‘in vain,’ वृथा, मुधा. Sometimes
‘in’ may be expressed by a par- ticiple; as,
‘he has pleasure in calumniating others,’ अन्यान् परिवदन् स तुप्यति or पराभिशंसनं कृत्वा तुष्टो भवति;
‘what bravery is there in killing a sleeping man?’ किं पौरुषं हत्वासुप्तं;
‘he said that to me in joke,’ उपहस्य माम् तद् अवदत्. The sense of
‘in,’ may be inherent in a noun; as,
‘to go in and out,’ गमनागमने कृ.
‘In as much as,’ is ex- pressed by यस्मात्, येन, or by the abl. or instr. case of the abstract noun; as,
‘in as much as it is founded on observation,’ प्रत्यक्षमूलत्वात् or प्रत्यक्षमूलतया.
ROOTS: निनिविश्निवस्अन्तर्अन्तराअन्तरेमध्येनगरेरात्रौपृथिव्यांरोपितोवृक्षत्वयिविश्वासअर्थार्जनेप्रवृत्तिप्राचिसूर्य्यपङ्केमज्जतिपरहितेरमतेरणमूर्द्धित्रिभिर्वर्षैद्वादशभिर्मासैवर्षशतैक्षणेनकालपर्य्यायेणकियताकालेनअचिरेणअनेनप्रकारेणबाहुल्येननररूपेणपरिहासेनसंस्कृतेनरचितंअग्रतस्प्रथमतस्अन्यत्रएकत्रबहुत्रअमुत्रसर्व्वथाअन्यथाएकधाशतधाबहुधाकथञ्चित्कथञ्चनअल्पशस्बहुशस्क्रमशस्क्रमतस्अनुक्रमंप्रतिदेशंत्रेधातथैवतद्वत्वृथामुधाअन्यान्परिवदन्सतुप्यतिपराभिशंसनंकृत्वातुष्टोभवतिकिंपौरुषंहत्वासुप्तंउपहस्यमाम्तद्अवदत्गमनागमनेकृयस्मात्येनप्रत्यक्षमूलत्वात्प्रत्यक्षमूलतया
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