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PARABRAHMAN The Supreme Spirit.
1) General information.
Brahman is the root cause of this universe. From Brahman originated Ākāśa (sky). From sky came air, from air came Agni and from Agni came water and from water was born this earth. [Chapter 377, Agni Purāṇa] .
2) General characteristics.
Brahman is such that he who says he knows it does not know it and he who says he does not know it, knows it. It is beyond the experiences of time and space. The chief attributes of Brahman are Sat, Cit and Ānanda. Sat means existence, the really existent truth. The one and undivided existence. There are pandits who say that it was undivided, Nāstitva (nonexistence) that was at the beginning of the Universe. Since nothing can be born from ‘nothing’ the world should have started from astitva (existence). There is a saying in Ṛgveda explaining the position thus:--“There was neither Astitva nor Nāstitva (existence or non-existence) at the beginning.” It is a matter to ponder how strongly conscious was the Ṛṣi who made the above statement about the Parabrahman's Nirguṇatva (devoid of attributes) and how clearly he tries to make it understandable to those who have not experienced the idea. Cit means knowledge, splendour, consciousness. Ānanda means bliss. Paul Deussen writes that the ancient Upaniṣads do not include in the definition of Brahman the term ‘ānanda’.
3) The two forms of Brahman.
Brahman has two forms-- Parabrahman and Aparabrahman. Parabrahman is Amūrta (formless, incorporeal) and Aparabrahman is Mūrta [embodied, corporeal]. The Amūrta Brahman is known by such names as Parabrahman, Paramātmā and Nirguṇabrahman. The corporeal or material Brahman is Aparabrahman and thus this whole world is Aparabrahman.
4) The Upaniṣads about Brahman.
Aśabdamasparśamarūpamavyayaṁ Tathāsrasaṁ nityamagandhavacca yat / Anādyanantaṁ mahataḥ paraṁ dhruvaṁ Vicārya tanmṛtyumukhāt pramucyate // (Kaṭhopaniṣad) (With no sound, touch, form, taste or smell, with neither beginning nor end Brahman is imperishable). Na tatra cakṣurgacchati na vāk gacchati no mano Na vidmo na vijānīmo yathaitadanuśiṣyate / Anyadeva tadviditādatho aviditādadhi Iti śuśruma pūrveṣāṁ ye nastadvyācacakṣire. [Muṇḍakopaniṣad] (No eye goes there, no word goes there, no mind, no intelligence--we do not see it, we cannot describe it-- you cannot imagine it nor can you understand it--It is distinct from the known and above the unknown. We have heard it spoken thus). Yasyāmataṁ tasya mataṁ mataṁ yasya na veda saḥ / Avijñātaṁ vijānatāṁ vijñātam avijānatām. // (Kenopaniṣad) (He understands It who comprehends It not; and he understands It not who feels he has understood. It is the unknown to those who have acquired real knowledge while it is the known to those who are ignorant of true knowledge). Yat cakṣuṣā na paśyati Yena cakṣūṁṣi paśyati / Tadeva Brahma tvaṁ viddhi Nedaṁ yadidamupāsate. // (Kenopaniṣad). (That which is not seen by the eye but that by which the eyes are able to see--That alone is Brahman and not that which people do worship here, do know that). Yato vāco nivartante Aprāpya manasā saha. [Taittirīya Upaniṣad] . Avijñātaṁ Vijānatāṁ vijñātam avijānatām. (Kenopaniṣad) (It is unknown to people who think they know but known to those who did not profess to know it). Naiva vācā na manasā prāptuṁ śakyo na cakṣuṣā / Astīti bruvatosnyatra kathaṁ tadupalakṣyate. // (Kaṭhopaniṣad) (It is not possible to reach it by speech, mind or the eyes. How is it to be identified; or described?)-- Digdeśaguṇādiphalabhedaśūnyaṁ hi paramārtha-- Sat tad advàyaṁ Brahma mandabuddhīnām asadiva pratibhāti. (Śaṅkarācārya). The sublime Truth (Brahman) is beyond time, place and attributes. Brahman is one (not two) and it is Sat (existent) but for the dull-witted, ignorant people it is Asat (non-existent). Satyamevopāsate, tadetat tryakṣaraṁ satyamiti; Sa ityekamakṣaram, tya ityeka. makṣaram, prathamottame akṣare satyam madhyato Anṛtaṁ tadetatamṛtamubhayataḥ satyena parigṛhītaṁ satyabhūyameva bhavati. (Bṛhadāraṇyaka). Kohamasmīti satyamiti brūyāt kiṁ tad yat Satyamiti yadanyad devebhyaśca prāṇebhyaśca / Tatsadatha yaddevāśca prāṇāśca tad utade- Ṭayāpicābhivyāhriyate satyamitye Tadāpatitaṁ sarvamidam [Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa] . Idaṁ sarvaṁ khalu brahma iti śānta upāsīta Antarhṛdaye eṣa me ātmā manomayaḥ Prāṇaśarīraḥ bhārūpaḥ satyasaṅkalpaḥ ākā- śātmā sarvakarmā sarvakāmaḥ sarvagandhaḥ sarvamidamabhyatti. (Chāndogya).
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